The article presents materials of scientific research carried out in the south-eastern part of the former Aral Sea dried bottom. During the study, soil sections were laid using generally accepted methods in soil science. Morphological and genetic properties of soils were described, soil samples were taken for determination of granulometric composition and chemical analyses. According to the results of determination of granulometric composition the content of mechanical elements was determined. The results of chemical analyses revealed the content of cations and anions, type and degree of salinisation, as well as the reaction of the soil environment.

In this article, the authors have developed and used soil morphogenetic indicators in the course conducted ground field work to determine saline and waterlogged soils in the semi-desert and dry steppe, zones of the Abay, Pavlodar and Karagandy regions of Kazakhstan.  In Kazakhstan, there are no practical and scientific provisions for monitoring and managing saline and waterlogged soils based on digital technologies.  This development makes it possible to determine the location of such lands depending on the location of soil and climatic zones.  And also, the development of a cartographic model of these soils with the determination of the degree of their salinity makes it possible to develop recommendations for their development (improvement) with the subsequent preservation of productive longevity.  The study of the current state of saline and waterlogged soils was carried out through field work along routes covering the territory of 3 administrative regions of the republic. Descriptions of the state of soils were carried out at 28 base points. A database of saline and waterlogged soils of the semi-desert and dry steppe (latitudinal), zones has been compiled, including the following indicators:  soil type and subtype, profile morphology, content of humus and nutrients, water-soluble salts, particle size distribution, absorbed bases, and cation exchange capacity.

The article discusses the prospects for the introduction of crop sideral crops - white mustard, white clover, spring barley, Rowan-leaved phacelia, oilseed radish on irrigated arable land in the Central part of the Chui valley of Kyrgyzstan after harvesting winter wheat, which corresponds to the basics of organic management of irrigated agriculture. In the arid, hot summer climate of the Chui valley, the cultivation of crop siderates is accompanied by the use of regular irrigation using sprinklers. The issues of accumulation of aboveground and root mass of sideral crops - white mustard, white clover, spring barley, Rowan-leaved phacelia, oilseed radish and their influence on increasing potato yield are studied. The article considers the advantage of joint mineralization of hard - to-decompose forms of plant residues of the previous crop-winter wheat and green phytomass of crop siderates to replenish the organic matter of the soil and to obtain environmentally friendly crop production. The materials of the research work allow us to recommend crop sideral crops on the irrigated arable lands of the Central part of the Chui valley of the KYRGYZ Republic: white mustard, white clover, spring barley, Rowan-leaved phacelia, oilseed radish as green fertilizers.

The article presents the results of a study of the soil and vegetation cover of the territory adjacent to the production complex of the zinc plant. According to the results of the studies, it was found that industrial emissions have a significant negative impact on soil and plants. The object of research: the soil cover is devoid of vegetation, erosive processes occur intensively. Large-scale appearance of brown burn spots is observed on the leaves of tree and shrub vegetation outside the territory of the industrial deposit, the main emissions of zinc plants polluting the soil, vegetation and affecting the biota are heavy metals harmful to the environment. Zinc, lead, copper and cadmium are the predominant polluting heavy metals as the main toxic metals in the object of study. The total forms of these elements in the soil exceed the MPC by hundreds of times, mobile - by 6-7 times.

Nowadays, to obtain high and stable yields of agricultural crops, in addition to the creation and introduction of new high-yielding varieties, the use of various plant protection products, growth stimulants and biopreparations, the effective use of mineral fertilizers is a necessary agricultural technique. The purpose of  this  work  was  to  study  the  influence  of  various  doses  and forms of nitrogen fertilizers on the dynamics of the accumulation of raw mass of corn plants, crop structure, yield, as well as the removal and normative consumption of nutrients on different salinization backgrounds in the Shaulder irrigation massif of Turkestan region. The obtained results showed that the best indicators were established in a slightly saline background than in an average saline one. On average, on a slightly saline background, the yield of corn grain, depending on the forms of nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of 80 kg / ha, varied in the range of 13.2-14.9 t/ha. At the same time, the yield gain from the use of various forms of fertilizers at the same doses of nitrogen amounted to 21.6-37.4 %. Against a medium-saline background, the option with the use of ammonium nitrate (variant 5) with an addition of 47.7 % nitrogen fertilizer to the phosphorus-potassium background. Regression models were obtained that accurately reflect the dependences of the grain yield and the elements of the corn crop structure on the total effect of nitrogen fertilizer (x₁) and the degree of soil salinity (x₂): Y = 18.429 + 0.2656x₁^0.5 - 37.0995x₂ with a high coefficient of determination - R₂ = 0.954.  On a slightly saline background, nitrogen removal by the corn grain harvest with the corresponding amount of by-products according to the experimental options varied from 282.9 kg/ha in the P₈₀K₈₀ option, to 370.1 kg/ha in the P₈₀K₈₀ + N₁₂₀ option (ammonium sulfate), phosphorus – from 121.4 kg/ha in the P₈₀K₈₀ + N₈₀ option (urea) to 160.7 kg/ha in the P₈₀K₈₀ + N₈₀ option (ammonium nitrate), potassium – from 325.2 kg/ha in the P₈₀K₈₀ + N₈₀ option (urea) to 413.7 kg/ha in the P₈₀K₈₀ + N₈₀ option (ammonium sulfate). On a medium-saline background, nitrogen removal was in the range of 175.3–223.8 kg/ha, phosphorus - 67.4-89.6 kg/ha, potassium – 178.5-217.3 kg/ha. The utilization rate of nitrogen from fertilizers varied significantly depending on the doses and forms of nitrogen fertilizers and the degree of soil salinity.

The article presents the results of research on the influence of weather conditions and organic fertilizers on the elements of the crop structure and the productivity  of  spring  triticale.  The  studies  were carried out in the LLP " SPCGF named after A. Barayev" on southern carbonate chernozems in 2018-2021. Triticale was cultivated according to the falow. Dry above-ground mass of sweet clover, sainfoin, alfalfa, brome and wheatgrass was introduced into the fallow field as organic fertilizers. An annual decrease in the grain yield of spring triticale was noted over the years of research from 1.95 t/ha in 2018 to 1.01 t/ha in 2021. The weight of 1000 grains did not change significantly over the years of the study and ranged from 37.0-45.7 g. The number of triticale grains per unit area gradually decreased over the years of the study from a maximum in 2018 of 6951 pieces/m² to a minimum in 2021 of 2739 pcs/m². Variants of application of aboveground biomass of various perennial grasses as organic fertilizers had an equivalent effect on the yield of triticale and crop structure elements in comparison with the control (aboveground biomass of sweet clover). A positive correlation was obtained between the yield of triticale and HTC (according to Selyaninov) for the months of June and August, where the dependence on the variants of the experiment changed from medium to high (with June r=0.62 ... 0.94, with August r=0.64 ... 0.80). A moderate correlation was obtained between the grain yield and the HTC (according to Selyaninov) for the period June-August (r=0.59…0.78). The influence of the mass of 1000 grains on the yield was ambiguous, in some cases the relationship was weak (r=-0.21 ... -0.27) in others - medium (r=0.33 ... 0.36). A positive correlation was established between the grain yield and the number of grains per 1 m² (r=0.61…0.94).

The article presents the results of research work carried out in the direction of studying the influence of biological fertilizers on the yield and qualityof the Tamasha potato variety on heavy loam dark chestnut soils of Central Kazakhstan. It was carried out on a land plot with a humus content of 2.73-2.79 %, total nitrogen - 0.147-0.172 %, total phosphorus - 0.20- 0.25 %, a high level of supply of mobile phosphorus and potassium, a low content of nitrate nitrogen, a weakly alkaline soil pH. The research work carried out showed that potatoes have a high need for biological fertilizers, which, according to the types of fertilizers, gave an additional yield of up to 20 %, and also had a positive effect on quality indicators. It was shown that the effectiveness of biological fertilizers depends not only on its composition, but also on the influence of external factors, including first the soil conditions and the supply of potatoes with macronutrients.

The Syrdarya river basin, with its rich historical significance in agriculture, now faces with contemporary challenges that demand immediate attention. The main issues revolve around soil erosion and declining water quality downstream, both of which pose severe threats to the ecosystem and local communities. One pressing concern is the alarming lack of research in this region, leaving a critical knowledge gap in understanding and addressing these challenges effectively. The interplay between water quality and soil erosion is a fundamental aspect that cannot be overlooked. Salinity, primarily caused by elements such as SO₄²⁻ and Ca²⁺, plays a pivotal role in the degradation of soil and exacerbation of erosion by impeding plant root access to water. Downstream areas, particularly those reliant on rice-based cropping fields that require extensive irrigation, bear the brunt of these issues. Erosion in these regions leads to a cascading effect on water quality. Saline soil, pesticides, and fertilizers eroded from fields ultimately find their way into the river, posing significant threats to both ecosystems and nearby communities. Furthermore, the escalating levels of soil erosion and degradation have substantially increased the demand for irrigation water. If the current rate of soil salinization and river pollution remains constant, it's a bleak forecast for the Kyzylorda region. In a matter of decades, the once-fertile lands may become unsuitable for agriculture, and the Syrdarya river's water may no longer be safe for drinking or other critical purposes. This study aims to shed light on the intricate relationship between water quality and soil erosion in the Syrdarya river basin. It utilizes the water quality index (WQI) methodology to assess the impact of soil erosion and potential pollutants on the river's water quality. By doing so, it underscores the urgent need for informed decision-making in the pursuit of sustainable resource management and environmental protection in this crucial region. Recognizing and addressing these challenges is not only essential for the present but also for safeguarding the future of the Syrdarya river basin and its inhabitants.

The article discusses the use of domestic liquid bio-organic fertilizer "BioEcoGum" in the cultivation of corn and soybeans in the south-east of Kazakhstan. The influence of seed treatment and foliar top dressing during the growing season on the growth, development and yield of corn (Porumben 458) and soybeans (Zhansaya, Victory) was studied. Pre-sowing treatment of corn and soybean seeds with a solution of liquid bioorganic fertilizer increases germination by 10-15 %. Two and three-fold foliar top dressing of corn and soybean plants enhances growth and development, increases the yield of soybean grain by 25-33 % and corn by 75 %, contributes to an increase in root biomass by 50 %, increases the economic efficiency of application. According to the results of production tests, the bio-organic liquid fertilizer "BioEcoGum" is recommended for widespread introduction in the south and south-east of Kazakhstan in the cultivation of grain and leguminous crops.