In this article, we present the main geomorphological indicators of virgin dark serozems common on the slopes of the Aktau mountain range of the Nurata mountains. The relief of the territory of the studied soils is formed on mountain slopes with a dissected relief. The lands of these territories are used for grazing. Soil-forming rocks are alluvial-deluvial, rubble deposits formed on the destruction products of various bedrocks. Dark serozems are common in a temperate, humid climate, characteristic of the upper zones of the serozem belt. A significant annual input of organic substances into the soil determines the increased humus content of the soils, the greater thickness of the humus horizons. Increased moisture determines a deeper washout of carbonates. In the profile of virgin dark serozems, the following genetic horizons are distinguished: a humus-accumulative horizon of dark gray color, reaching a thickness of 16-20 cm with good turfiness; the structure of the upper horizons is plastic, turning into lumpy. The horizon B is 40 to 80 cm thick and contains insect chambers covered with limescale. The coloration is lighter with a brownish tint. An important feature of the soils of the belt of dark gray soils is their skeletal structure. The degree of skeletonity is different and depends on the depth of gravel deposits. The maximum hygroscopicity in virgin dark gray soils ranges from 2.746 to 4.819 % of the weight of absolutely dry soil. Fluctuations in the content of maximum hygroscopicity depend on the amount and composition of absorbed bases and soluble salts in the soil. The thickness of the humus horizon in virgin dark gray soils is 60-90 cm, the maximum content of humus is on the upper horizon at 6-7 cm. Its amount in the arable horizon is 2.66 -3.34 %. The content of mobile forms of phosphorus in the soil - 8.5-9.0 mg/kg of soil, the availability of exchangeable potassium is medium and high - 276.9-361.2 mg/kg. Dark serozems are richer in colloid-silt fractions, and organic colloids play a more significant role in their composition than in typical and light serozems. Therefore, their absorption capacity is higher.

In arid and semi-arid regions, including the irrigated areas of the SyrDarya River basin in the southern part of Kazakhstan, due to excessive soil salinization the area of land classified as "abandoned" or "virgin lands" is growing. This causes significant daily socio-economic and environmental issues. Currently, 236.9 thousand hectares, or 15.2% of the 1.55 million hectares, have been removed from circulation due to the deterioration of the irrigated arable land reclamation condition in Kazakhstan's four southern regions. In this regard, it is first and foremost economically viable to identify solutions to the salinity and its spatial distribution problems, and it is also crucial to carefully study their rational application by GIS, which is much more effective than conventional research methods. The main goal of this research was to conduct field studies to assess the current state of reclamation of irrigated soils of the APC “Asia Agro Group”, map soil salinity by high-precision interpolation, and compare the methods of interpolation by the method of IDW and OK. For this, soil samples were collected from layers of 0–20 cm, 20–50 cm, and 50–100 cm per 300 ha of irrigated arable land. The chemical composition of the water extract was used to calculate the degree of salinity and the sodium adsorption coefficient (SAR). The limit of ion toxicity was revealed by statistical analysis techniques after the analysis of sediment data. As a result of the study of soil data, statistical analysis methods were analyzed, showing the limit of ion toxicity threshold. The contours of the saline soils of each layer were then determined by interpolating IDW and OK using the processed soil salinity data from the field survey to generate salinity maps. During the application of these two interpolations, IDW completely covered the values of the chosen mapping points and displayed more thorough salinity contours than the OK interpolation. As a result, in the upper 0-20 cm layer, 224 ha of non-saline, 66 ha of slightly saline, 10 ha of moderately saline, and similar data are obtained for 20-50 cm of soils. In the lower 50-100 cm layer, non-saline - 100 ha, slightly saline - 54 ha, moderately saline - 92 ha and strongly saline - 54 ha, very strongly saline soils were not found.

The article presents data on the study of the microbiological activity of the dark chestnut soil of the Akmola region in spring triticale crops, depending on the doses and timing of nitrogen fertilizers. It shows that the apply of mineral fertilizers have any negative impact on the viability of microorganisms. Nitrogen, applied partly and once on the background of P₆₀ contributes to the increase of soil biological activity: activity of catalase and urease enzymes corresponds to a high degree, dehydrogenase - to medium degree of activity. The number of microorganisms also increases with the application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers. A study of the microbiome of dark chestnut soil with the application of nitrogen fertilizers under spring triticale was carried out. The most common types of microorganisms in dark chestnut soil are Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes.

The interaction of plant growth-promoting bacteria with plants and their ability to clean up contaminated soil has attracted more attention in recent years. In this study, three rhizobacteria strains (Enterobacter ludwigi, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were examined to determine their individual and combined synergistic effects on the remediation of Ni -contaminated soils. Wheat was used as a test plant. Wheat seedlings were sown in soils containing 57.42, 95.7, and 191.4 mg/kg of nickel and were then given a 30-day treatment with a mixture of the rhizosphere bacteria Enterobacter ludwigi, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Next, plant height, biomass in the stems and roots, and chlorophyll content were measured. It was discovered that plant growth characteristics were greatly improved when a consortium of three bacterial strains was used as opposed to the outcome when only one strain was used. The outcomes demonstrated the potential for synergistic bioremediation of Ni-contaminated soils and enhancement of plant development among the studied rhizobacteria. The findings of this study offer solid evidence in using an inexpensive, highly efficient microorganism-based bioremediation for soils contaminated with nickel.

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The analysis of chemical elements in soils and samples of loamy rocks in the area of influence of mining and metallurgical industries is necessary for monitoring various environmental processes - assessing the magnitude of soil pollution, surface water, atmospheric air, as well as studying the local distribution of chemical elements and their migration. Minor increases in the zinc content in the soil should be explained by the underlying soil-forming rocks. The average concentration in loamy rocks Ce - 50 mcg/g exceeds the clark of sedimentary rocks by about 2 times. There is an excess of Cu. Its content exceeds the MPC in the samples of the tailings dump: the gross form is 18 times, the movable form is 51.7 times. It is necessary to keep in mind the anomaly of the territory of the ore deposit, where there will be increased concentrations of ore chemical elements in the soil, plants, rocks. The tailings dump needs to be recultivated due to strong manifestations of wind erosion and the removal of its fine particles over long distances outside the GOK.

The article deals with the application of organic humic fertilizer «Tumat» in the cultivation of soybeans in the conditions of Semirechye. The dynamics of changes in the nutritional regime of the soil is studied. Phenological observations and accounting of grain yield are carried out. Presowing treatment of soybean seeds by solution of organic fertilizer has increased seed germination by 10-20 %. One and two foliar dressing of soybean plants increases the growth and development of plants, increases the yield of grain up to 21-25 % and contributes to increase the number of nodule bacteria. By results of production tests organic humic fertilizer «Tumat» is recommended for wide introduction in southern regions of Kazakhstan at cultivation of a soya.

Optimal use of fertilizers is possible only with their rational combination with a complex of biological preparations and technologies. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the study of the effect of biological products on soil fertility and crop yields, as well as their protective effects against the main diseases of crops. The advantages of the use of biological products in agriculture are shown, it is found that the scientifically justified use of physiologically active substances in the cultivation of field crops significantly reduces the effects of the use of chemical plant protection products. With the complex application of biologization techniques in agriculture, it is possible to obtain a high environmentally friendly crop yield by increasing soil fertility, improving its health, combating pathogenic microflora in it and plant diseases. That is, environmentally oriented systems in agriculture based on biological products make it possible to reduce doses of mineral fertilizers, increase productivity and product quality against the background of cost reduction and increase profitability of production.