The article describes the chernozems of the southern two farms of the Fedorovsky district of Kostanay region. When visiting the fields of farms at the end of June after the completion of the sowing campaign, a question arose for the purpose of scientific interest to select soil samples for soil characteristics for the period of inspection of farm territories. Different technologies of soil treatment were carried out in the fields. So, section 2 was laid on a fallow arable land with traditional flat-cut autumn processing and spring cultivation. A virgin plot is not in the traditional sense of virgin land, most likely an old deposit by the road. It is difficult to find preserved virgin land on the territories of farms. Section 3 is laid on arable land with zero technology. The morphological description of the soils of all sections showed a difference in the thickness of the upper horizons, their composition, structure, the characteristic linguistics for the chernozems of the northern regions is common. Analytical data showed a difference in the content of total humus between the traditional flat-cut autumn processing of fallow arable land and zero technology. These soils are poorly supplied with nutrients. Spotting is visually noted in the fields, which is most likely caused by salinity, so, when describing profiles, a columnar and nutty structure characteristic of saline soils is noted.

The article presents the morphological, agrochemical, agrophysical indicators of dark gray soils common on the mountain slopes of the Aktau ridge of the Nurata mountains of the Navoi region. Eluvial-deluvial stoned layers formed on the products of destruction of various bedrocks serve as soil-forming beds. In terms of the texture of dark gray soils, dusty fractions prevail. Particularly high content of coarse dust fraction (28.74-46.48 %) Physical clay is 22.58-30.80 %, silt fraction in soils 9.00-10.84 %. Micro-aggregation in the surface horizon is 15.54-16.06 %, down the profile the micro-aggregate increases to 21.80 %. Virgin dark gray soils are characterized by absorption capacity, which, according to the amount of absorbed base, is 8.5-11.37 mg / eq. per 100 g of soil. The absorption capacity depends on the content of organic and mineral colloids, the reaction of the soil solution. These soils are potentially fertile, well supplied with humus. Along the profile, the amount of humus decreases rapidly, but its significant content is also observed in the deep horizons of 0.947-1.010 %. The content of mobile forms of phosphorus varies widely (9.0-23.0) leached. The content of carbonates in the upper horizon is 0.99-1.43 %, down the profile their amount increases to 13.2 %.

The article presents morphological features and agrochemical, agrophysical data of rainfed light-gray soils, common in the Nurata mountains of the Navoi region. The studies summarized the soil dryness of rainfed - light gray soil is 15.03-25 %. The soil-forming rocks are eluvially, diluvial and proluvial sediments: salinity, conglomerates, sandstones, and gravelly-peat sediments and loess-like loams. The main part of rainfed - light gray soils is not saline, but in some areas there are medium and strongly saline horizons. In terms of the mechanical composition of rainfed light-colored gray soils, sawn fractions predominate. These soils are low and the arable horizon is up to 22 % in composition and up to 17.34 % down the profile. Rainfed - bright gray soils are characterized by the absorption capacity, which, according to the sum absorbed by the base, is 7-8 mg / eq. Per 100 g. soils According to the agrochemical characteristics of the soil, the content of humus is very poor, the amount of humus in the arable horizon is 0.73 %. The availability of exchangeable potassium and phosphorus is very low. The high carbonate content is due to the carbonate of soil-forming rocks.

The presented work is devoted to the study of regularities of the distribution of potentially pathogenic fungi in oil-contaminated soils and the ground layer of air in Baku. It is revealed that, oil-contaminated soils are characterized by a more diverse species diversity of microorganisms. A comporative analysis of the samples taken from the soil and air in the Binagadinsky district of Baku City showed a high number and species diversity of soil microbiota. Thus,the soil microbiota is represented by 34 species of 10 genera, and the ground air microbiota is represented by 25 species of 8 genera of micromycetes. It is also determined that oil contamination of soils is the main factor in the transformation of saprotrophic forms into conditionally pathogenic fungi. It was found that oil contaminated, as an anthropogenic factor, stimulates the functional activity of soil mycobiota and is considered one of the main arguments in the transformations of saprophytic micromycetes into opportunistic fungi. And this proves that both in oil-contaminated soils, as well as in the surface layer of air, the frequency of occurence of conditionally oil micromycetes depends on the degree of pollution. It is revealed that in the contaminated soil there exist allergenic and opportunistic representatives and after a white migrating in the air they turn into a potential source of infection. It was determined that in the mycocomplexes, which forms in oil-contaminated soils,allergenic and conditionally cultivated fungi, in comparison with other micromycetes, develop very quickly and their sporulation is realized in a short time and this contributes to an increase in the risk factor for diseases among the population.

Today one of the biggest problem in the world is the increasing of the pressure on the environment as a result of technogenic development's reaching a larger scale. In other words, the role of anthropogenic influences in the ecological crisis has reached its peak that it manifests itself shows in abnormal climatic conditions, increasing natural disasters, and so on. Most countries have already been forced spending more power for overcoming these consefuences. Of course, it has also been materializing various measures to solve environmental problems in our country that have existed for many years. In spite of this environmental problems in the country are still actual.A number of activities have been carried out to determine the biological activity in the reclaimed areas of Bibi-Heybat OGEI. First, the names of natural cenoses and their species were identified among the tree trunks. Here are some of them: saline-solsola pestifer Nels; garden butterfly-portulaca oleraceal; leafless killer-anabasis solsa (C.A May) Beuth ex Volkens; willow, water reed-Rudmace cots tail Typha L.; gavan-barkhausia rhoeadifolia Bub; unnuca-diacece Less-Chenopodium ollum; lamb-sow thisthe SonchusL.Ocom; clover-; wormwood Artemisia L.; invitation-Alhagi camelorum and others. It grows 1-1.5 m in the area. Research work was carried out in the reclaimed area of SOCAR Bibi-Heybat OGEI . Samples were taken to determine the tota l number of microorganisms in every 10 cm of soil to a depth of 0- 30 cm, and soil samples were taken and analyzed to study the amount of organic matter and the physical and chemical properties of the soil, depending on the degree of contamination. The cut area is 3.2 hectares. The morphogenetic profile of the placed sections is given.

One of the basic factors to increase efficient and potential fertility of soil, at the same time plant productivity is application of organic and mineral fertilizers under agricultural plants. The influence of mineral and organic fertilizers, depending on the norms, application method and ratio, on the fertility of meadow brown soils and the productivity of vegetable crops in the Kuba-Khachmaz zone has been studied. It was found that the ratio of mineral and organic fertilizers, respectively, 4: 3 taken in an equivalent amount for the main nutrients (N, P, K), was found to be an effective ratio with an increase in soil fertility.

The article presents the results of many years of research carried out in long-term experiments on the study of the fertilization system of sugar beet in beet crop rotation and with its permanent cultivation on irrigated light chestnut soil. It is shown that with long-term and systematic use of phosphorus fertilizers against the background of nitrogen-potassium (NK) fertilizers in the soil, a background with different levels of phosphorus supply in the arable and subsoil layers is created. Single, one and a half, double rates of phosphorus fertilizers, systematically applied in crop rotation and with permanent cultivation of sugar beets, not only increase the content of mobile phosphorus in the arable layer, respectively, to 49,0; 51,9; 59,0 mg /kg of soil, but also the content of the sum of loosely bound and different basic phosphates (CaP_I + CaP_II), the nearest reserves of phosphorus available to plants in crop rotation and in monoculture conditions. Depending on the norms of applied phosphorus fertilizers on sugar beet crops in monoculture, the content of loosely bound and different basic phosphates (CaP_I + CaP_II) increases 94-106 mg/kg and 294-297 mg/kg, and in crop rotation 89-104 and 265-296 mg/kg, respectively. With the improvement of the phosphate regime of light chestnut soil, the yield of sugar beet in monoculture increases 492,8-543,1 c/ha, and in the crop rotation 507,8- 561,6 c/ha. In fertilized variants, the sugar content increases by 16,3-16,7 % and the total sugar harvest from 1 hectare of crops.

Rice is a staple food for many people. It can be said that several billion people have been using rice as a daily staple for many years. From ancient times the rice was used as a food in Asia, India, China and other eastern countries. In 2018 and 2019, global rice production reached 517 million tons, and the demand for this grain is growing every year. Therefore, in the cultivation of rice, it is very important to increase productivity and quality, to introduce new agricultural technologies, to use scientific and methodological recommendations, to conduct effective research. At present, many methods of assessing soil productivity using modern methods of physical, chemical, physicochemical and biological characteristics of soils are used in rice-growing countries. In most cases, the main focus is on the physical and chemical properties of rice soils. According to the results of science and practice, the biological and physiological characteristics of rice compared to other crops, the absorption of minerals, growing in the absence of soil aeration and the implementation of rice in flooded fields requires a special agro-technology, special methods. It is known that the role of microorganisms in the production of rice is very special. It has been studied and proved that the types, quantitative size and properties of microorganisms, the features that affect the crop depend on soil and climatic conditions. Therefore, this article provides an overview of the research of scientists from Iran, Japan, China, India, etc.on the microflora of rice land soils, as well as on the features and types of biomass of microorganisms of underwater rice soil. In 1967, the Japanese scientist T. Suzuki in his scientific research identified the microflora of rice soil. It is proved that in the plowed ground layer of rice soil there are a large number of bacteria and anaerobic bacteria and a small number of groups of actinomycetes and fungi. Currently, scientists from China, Iran, India, Russia, and Kazakhstan, who are engaged in rice production, work tirelessly to improve the quality of rice.