INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC INDICATORS AND YIELD OF ONIONS ON ORDINARY GRAY SOILS OF ALMATY REGION

The development of agrochemical research is the basis for the rational and efficient use of agricultural land, the conservation and reproduction of soil fertility, and the increase in crop productivity in order to ensure the food security of the country. Improper use of fertilizers can cause degradation of the soil cover, depletion of nutrient reserves in the soil. The process of deterioration of the soil-ecological and ameliorative state of lands, the decrease in soil fertility and crop productivity, which has continued in recent years, requires new decisions to be made in rationalizing the use of fertilizers. In these studies, the effect of various doses of mineral and humic fertilizers on photosynthetic productivity, onion yield and economic efficiency of fertilizer application on ordinary gray soils of the Almaty region was studied. The results obtained showed that in the phase of the beginning of the formation of bulbs, the plants grew from 3,15 to 5,35 t/ha of dry biological mass. At the same time, the maximum leaf area varied within 34,6 – 50,8 m²/ha, and the photosynthetic potential was 1,073 – 1,829 million m²/ha. The highest indicator of gross productivity was noted in the variant with the use of triple doses of nitrogen on the background of double doses of phosphorus and potassium – 83,6 t/ha, as well as when using organomineral fertilizer humic "Tumat" on the background of double doses of complete mineral fertilizer – 82,6 t/ha, and the increase in commercial yield in these treatments to the control (without fertilizers) was 83,1 % and 82,7 %, respectively. The increase in marketable yield from nitrogen fertilizers varied from 20,2 % with their single dose to 58,2 % with a triple dose. It was also found that the use of a triple dose of phosphorus reduced the marketable increase by 6,2 % compared to the use of a double dose, and an increase in potassium doses gave an increase in marketable onions from 21,2 % to 25,2 %. The increase in commercial yield when using the "Tumat" increased by 5,2 % compared to the medium fertilized background, and by 16,8 % compared to the unfertilized variant. The highest economic efficiency of the use of mineral and organomineral fertilizer on onions was established in the variant of the combined application of a triple dose of nitrogen with double doses of phosphorus and potassium (N₁₈₀P1₀₀K₈₀).

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