Physico-chemical requirements ensuring the protection of soil resources in Kazakhstan

Under conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change, the rational management of soil resources is becoming a key factor in the sustainable agricultural development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of this study is to analyze the composition and use of the land fund, the condition of agricultural lands, as well as the system of ecological regulation of chemical soil pollution. The tasks of the study included identifying regional features of land use, reviewing regulatory documents, analyzing current maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of chemical substances in soils, and comparing the national regulatory framework with international standards. The methodological basis of the research consisted of comparative legal analysis and the synthesis of materials from official state sources. As a result, it was found that the majority of the country's agricultural lands (more than 70%) are occupied by pastures, while productive arable land is concentrated mainly in the northern regions. Such a distribution of land resources requires increased attention to their rational use and ecological safety. The regulatory framework of Kazakhstan covers only 7 chemical elements, which is significantly lower than the indicators of OECD and CIS countries. The study has scientific and practical significance, as it highlights the need to expand the list of regulated pollutants, taking into account the biogeochemical and agricultural characteristics of the regions. The findings can be used in the development of sustainable land use strategies, improvement of environmental policy, and in the practice of soil monitoring. The research contributes to the development of agroecological safety and the formation of a modern soil protection system in Kazakhstan.

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