Use of straw in rainfed agriculture of southeast Kazakhstan

The relevance and necessity of using straw as fertilizer under rainfed farming conditions in southeastern Kazakhstan are determined by the decline of the potential soil fertility, the reduction of organic matter content, and the negative balance of the main mineral nutrients in the plow layer due to insufficient application of mineral and organic fertilizers. This review article examines the main mechanisms of straw’s influence on soil and its fertility, as well as analyzes the possible benefits and scale of its use. The role of straw in forming the balance of nutrients and organic matter in rainfed farming systems of southeastern Kazakhstan is highlighted. Given the extremely low level of straw returned to the soil (only 0.9% of the total biomass produced), the annual irretrievable losses of nutrients under the cultivation of winter wheat, spring barley, and oats – the main crops of the region’s rainfed agriculture – average 378 kg/ha of nitrogen, 100 kg/ha of phosphorus pentoxide, and 275 kg/ha of potassium oxide. Annual humus mineralization, even accounting for the humification of root and stubble residues, reaches 471.1 thousand tons, which is equivalent to a loss of about 1.8 t of humus per hectare of arable land.

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